International Journal of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety
[pubblicazione cessata] HAF copre tutti i settori riguardanti la salute, la scienza degli animali e la sicurezza alimentare. La rivista accoglie con favore la presentazione di manoscritti che rispondono ai criteri generali di significatività e di eccellenza scientifica
Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences - DIVAS
This work is licensed under a CC BY-SA 4.0 international
An exploratory study on the effects of rearing system and plumage colour on performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality of local turkeys
In a bid to improve the productive potentials of local turkeys in developing countries, a total of 240 unsexed day-old poults arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial layout into 4 treatments with two rearing systems (indoor and outdoor) and two plumage colours (white and black) were used for this study. Poults were brooded for 4 weeks followed by an acclimatization period of 2 weeks in the two different rearing systems before the commencement of the study which lasted 10 weeks. Each treatment consisting of 60 birds was further sub-divided into six replicates of 10 birds per replicate. Data obtained were subjected to Analysis of Variance in a Completely Randomized Design. Results on performance in the grower phase showed turkeys reared in indoor system recorded significantly (p<0.05) higher weight gain (29.39 vs. 105.19 g/bird/day) and daily feed intake (27.18 vs. 98.11 g/bird/day) compare to turkeys under outdoor system. In addition, weight gain was significantly (p<0.05) higher (29.16 g/bird/day) in turkeys with black plumage than (27.42 g/bird/day) recorded in turkeys with white plumage. However, in the finisher phase turkeys under outdoor system recorded significantly (p<0.05) higher weight gain than turkeys under indoor system. In the finisher phase, interaction effects showed best weight gain and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) (39.22 g/bird/day and 4.60) in white-plumaged turkeys reared in outdoor system. Turkeys under outdoor system also had significantly (p<0.05) higher back and spleen percentages. However, proportions of thigh were significantly (p<0.05) higher in turkeys reared indoor. In addition, white-plumaged turkeys recorded significantly (p<0.05) higher (21.07%) cooking loss than 14.58% recorded in turkeys with black plumage. In conclusion, improved weight gain with best FCR at finisher phase as well as highest spleen portion and cooking loss in thigh meat was obtained in white-plumaged turkeys reared in outdoor system.
Copyright (c) 2019 International Journal of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety
Quality characteristics of chicken burger processed from broiler chicken fed on different types of vegetable oils and feed additives
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of feeding broiler chicken on different vegetable oils with commercial multi- enzyme feed additives on the quality characteristics of chicken burger. A total of 216 one-day-old chicks of (Hubbard) strain were randomly assigned to six dietary treatments as (2×3) factorial designs where two sources of dietary oil contained soybean oil and palm oil with three levels of commercial multi-enzyme feed additives. Treatments were: soybean oil only (T1), soybean oil+ ZAD (T2), soybean oil+ AmPhi-BACT (T3), palm oil only (T4) , palm oil + ZAD (T5) and palm oil + AmPhi- BACT (T6). Results showed that chicken burger of T1 group had the higher pH value (6.22); slight difference was found in pH value of T3 group (6.18). No significant difference was found in burger of T5 and T6 group. Burger processed from T1 group had the higher T.B.A value (0.115) followed by burger of T5 (0.076); while the lowest T.B.A value found in burger of T2 group (0.031). No significant differences were found in shrinkage measurements. Burger processed from T6 group had the higher score of sensory attributes and overall acceptability, while the differences between the other burger groups were not significant.
Copyright (c) 2018 International Journal of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety
Cholesterol and its oxidation products: occurrence and analysis in milk and milk products
Cholesterol is one of the important components of biological membranes. It is associated with milk fat in milk and milk products. Cholesterol present in animal origin foods undergoes autoxidation during processing as well as during storage yielding toxic products commonly known as cholesterol oxidation products (COPs). The COPs are significantly affected the human health such as atherosclerosis, inflammation, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases etc. Various methods are reported in literature for determination of cholesterol and its oxidation products in milk and milk products.
Effect of Astragalus polysaccharide supplementation on growth performance and plasma parameters of weaned piglets under commercial condition
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Astragalus polysaccharide (APS) supplementation on the growth performance, plasma biochemical parameters, and plasma immune and antioxidant indexes of weaned piglets in a commercial swine farm. A total of 120 piglets weaned at 22 days and allocated to 2 groups, and fed a basal diet either without (CTR) or with 200 mg/kg of APS in a local commercial farm for a 42-d experiment. At end of the trial, one piglet from each pen was selected for blood sampling. The results showed that dietary APS decreased the feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to the CTR group from day 14 to day 28 and day 0 to day 42 (P = 0.08 and 0.02, respectively). In addition, supplementation of APS had the tendency to increase the plasma superoxide dismutase activity and IgG content of piglets compared to the CTR group on day 42 (P = 0.06 and 0.09, respectively). Results in this study suggested that dietary APS might have a beneficial effect on growth performance and health status of weaned piglets under the commercial condition.
Fatty acids profile and quality characteristics of broiler chicken meat fed different dietary oil sources with some additives
The study was carried out to investigate the effect of feeding broiler chicken on different vegetable oils with feed additives on the quality characteristics of chicken meat. A total of 216 one-day-old chicks of (Hubbard) strain were randomly assigned to six dietary treatments as (2×3) factorial designs where two sources of dietary oil with three levels of commercial multi-enzyme feed additives. Treatments were: soybean oil only (T1), soybean oil+ ZAD (T2), soybean oil+ AmPhi-BACT (T3), palm oil only (T4), palm oil + ZAD (T5) and palm oil + AmPhi- BACT (T6). Results showed that feeding broiler chicken on different types of dietary oils had significant effect on the fatty acid profile of broiler chicken meat. UFA/SFA ration of broiler chicken groups (T4, T5adT6) were significantly lower compared with (T1, T2 and T3) groups. Broiler fed on soybean oil had significantly higher n-6: n-3 ration compared with broiler fed on palm oil. Regardless of the source of dietary oil, significant differences were observed in the most of fatty acid profile in the chicken meat among levels of commercial multi- enzyme feed additives. Meat of T5and T6 had the higher pH value, followed by meat of T1and T3 groups, while the lowest pH value found in meat of T2 and T4. The higher cooking loss was found in meat of T4 while, meat of T5had the lowest value. Data of chilling loss indicated that the differences between dietary treatments were not significantly different except for meat of T6 which had the higher chilling loss. No significant differences were found in color measurements between dietary treatments.
DNA extraction from wings as a suitable approach for queen bees genotyping
In livestock, genomics has been used since a decade in combination with phenotypic information for the estimation of breeding values. In honey bees (Apis mellifera), the advantage for including genomics in selective breeding programmes is represented by the possibility to reduce the generation interval and increase the accuracies of estimated breeding values resulting in higher genetic gain (Brascamp et al., 2018). The limit for this application is DNA extraction. Extraction methods for small animals such as insects often rely upon destructive approaches. The challenge is to develop tissue sampling methods that permit the survival of the animal while providing adequate quality DNA for genotyping. Along with previous reports of DNA extraction from several matrices, this study aims to contribute in developing suitable methodologies for genotyping honey bees queens using DNA extracted from wing cuttings (Chaline et al., 2004; Gregory and Rinderer, 2004; Gould et al., 2011). The clipping of the queen wings in beekeeping is a common practice and it ensures the survival and normal activities of the animal (Forster, 1971). A total of 57 queens with known pedigree were enrolled for this study. Wings from each queen were cut and stored at -20°C until processed (Fig. 1). Extractions were carried out using a modified protocol provided by Qiagen (DNeasy® Blood & Tissue). The modification consists in an initial incubation of the samples with proteinase K for 20 minutes, further steps are carried out following the manufacturer’s instructions. To test the suitability of the extracted DNA for genotyping, PCR was performed on Esterase FE4 like gene. Although quantification with NanoDrop™ resulted in <20 ng/μL of DNA in solution, the extracted material was sufficient for PCR amplification of candidate genes for sequencing and genotyping. Our results show that it is possible to extract DNA from wings’ cuttings permitting to implement genomic approaches in honey bee selective breeding. Further work will analyse possible association between genetic variability and phenotypes of interest.
Effect of hunting awareness on wild game meat purchase behavior
Although wild game meat constitutes a sustainable and healthy alternative to conventional meat and hunting contributes to the control of game populations, international studies on consumer attitudes towards this type of meat are still limited and no previous research has been focused on the Italian population. For the development of successful marketing strategies and/or public policy intervention, the knowledge of consumers’ purchase behavior is a key factor. Among all the determinants that can influence the behavior of consumers of hunted wild game meat (i.e. animal welfare, sustainability, ecological food choice, product safety, nutritional quality), the consumers’ awareness of hunting activity and their perceptions of wild game meat assume a crucial role. Accordingly, in this paper an online survey on a sample of 741 Italian meat consumers has been conducted to investigate the relationship between consumers’ purchase behavior and their awareness of hunted game meat and hunting practices (chi-square test, F-test). Statistically significant differences were found among segments of consumers with different levels of wild game meat consumption frequency. The analysis shows that, as expected, the highest consumption level of wild game meat relates to the highest level of general awareness of wild game meat and hunting practices. Our findings are in line with previous literature, that links positive behaviors of consumers towards wild game meat and hunting to familiarity and experience with hunting and hunters. Nonetheless, the present study provides a deeper understanding of the Italian consumers’ attitudes and perceptions of wild game meat and could suggests policy guidelines for the development of future targeted marketing strategies.
Pharmacokinetics of ketamine and norketamine following intramuscular administration combined with dexmedetomidine in tigers (Panthera tigris)
In zoo practice, for physical examination or medical procedure in captive tigers, chemical immobilization is needed and ketamine (KET) in association with sedatives is an option frequently used (Clark-Price et al., 2015). Aims of the study is the assessment of the pharmacokinetics of KET and its main metabolite, norketamine (NORKET), after its intramuscular administration in combination with dexmedetomidine in tigers. Nineteen adult captive tigers, from different zoos, were scheduled for periodic physical examination or diagnostic procedures at the Milan University facilities. All animals were administered with a combination of KET at 2 mg/kg and dexmedetomidine at 10 µg/kg, given intramuscularly through blowpipe darts. If necessary, tigers where re-administered with variable doses of KET and dexmedetomidine or other drugs. When animals were sufficiently sedated, blood samples were collected every 5-10 min for the time tigers were safely approachable. Nine animals were assigned to standard protocol group (KET 2 mg/kg and dexmedetomidine 10 µg/kg) and ten animals to non-standard protocol group (tigers administered with different doses of KET, 2 – 2.5 mg/kg, and dexmedetomidine 10 – 30 µg/kg or with any other necessary drug, such as titrate-to-effect propofol and isoflurane, respectively for anaesthesia induction and maintenance). Ketamine and NORKET were extracted from plasma according to a validated HPLC-UV method (Zonca et al., 2012). For pharmacokinetic assessment, KET and NORKET concentrations were analysed with a noncompartmental approach (Phoenix® 7.0, Pharsight). Differences in the pharmacokinetic parameters between groups were statistically analysed (SPSS 25.0, SPSS Inc.). This is the first study that evaluates the pharmacokinetics of KET and NORKET in tigers. Due to the harmful attitude of these animals, samples collection was limited to the period of sedation, a short time for a complete pharmacokinetic evaluation. Nevertheless, we observed a favorable kinetic profile of KET and NORKET and, from a clinical point of view, all animals showed a good recovery, no adverse effects and a good level of sedation. Standard Protocol (mean ± s.d.) Non-Standard protocol (mean ± s.d.) Ketamine HL_Lambda_z min 77.62 ± 54.50 76.14 ± 67.32 Tmax min 27.78 ± 7.90 49.70 ± 29.64 Cmax ug/mL 0.63 ± 0.17 0.67 ± 0.19 AUClast min*ug/mL 23.84 ±6.40* 35.97 ± 12.84* AUMClast min*min*ug/mL 802.24 ± 331.03* 2054.97 ± 1018.88* MRTlast min 32.88 ± 5.71* 54.38 ± 19.71* Norketamine Tmax min 51.89 ± 8.95* 77.10 ± 24.41* Cmax ug/mL 0.24 ± 0.07 0.23 ± 0.09 AUClast min*ug/mL 7.30 ± 3.98 11.07 ± 5.46 AUMClast min*min*ug/mL 291.94 ± 227.01* 701.87 ± 424.80* MRTlast min 36.95 ± 7.32* 58.65 ± 19.58* HL_Lambda_z = Elimination Half-Life; Tmax = Time to Maximum concentration; Cmax = Maximum Concentration; AUClast = Area Under the Curve to the last concentration; AUMClast = Area under the first Moment Curve to the last concentration ;MRTlast = Mean Residence Time to the last concentration Tab.1: Pharmacokinetic parameters of ketamine and norketamine in nineteen adult captive tigers after intramuscular administration of 2 mg/kg of ketamine, with or without variation from the standard protocol, in combination with dexmedetomidine (with * are indicated results with p < 0.05).
Effect of different stocking densities on growth, muscle development and fatty acid profile of Acipenser baerii larvae
Sturgeons, as well as paddlefishes, belong to the Acipenseriformes group, which is one of the most primordial 57 orders of the Osteichthyes that comprehends 25 species spread throughout Europe, Asia and North America. The present study aims at investigating muscle growth and development as well as fatty acid profile in Siberian sturgeon free-embryos when subjected to three different rearing densities. Fatty acids, in particular polyunsaturated fatty acids of n-3 series, are generally known as key nutrients in fish larvae. This study was approved by the Ethic Committee of the University of Milan (OPBA_22_2017). Siberian sturgeon larvae were reared at 18°C, at three stocking densities until complete yolk-sac absorption: low (LD, 30 larvae/l), mid (MD, 80 larvae/l) and high (HD, 150 larvae/l). Sampling timepoints were: hatching, schooling and complete yolk-sac absorption stage (YSA). Sacrificed larvae were weighed and histological analyses were performed in order to assess muscle development as described elsewhere ; fatty acid profile was determined by GC-FID analysis as described by Vasconi et al. (2015). Statistical analysis was performed with SAS software (v. 9.3, Cary Inc., NC). At the end of the experiment, LD larvae presented a higher weight than larvae reared at the other two densities (P<0.05). Within the schooling stage (Figure 1), Total Muscle Area was lower for HD larvae (P<0.05); red and white muscle areas in schooling and YSA were higher than at hatching (P<0.05), regardless the density. Concerning fatty acids, no statistical differences were recorded between different rearing densities, while during the development regardless the rearing density, there was a common pattern: linoleic and alfa linolenic acids, significantly decreased their relative content, while others, as arachidonic acid and DHA, significantly increased. Siberian sturgeon larvae reared at LD or MD reveal an anatomically normal muscle development, while in the HD it is possible to observe a slowdown. What the aquaculture industry requires is a set of guidelines that allows the development of a sustainable industry, so that we tried to develop guidelines for stocking density in the very early stage of farming. As a conclusion, it would seem that mid density could be more suitable for this species in this stage of development.
Effect of post-exercise increase in creatine-kinase activity on performance parameters in Standardbred racehorses.
In equine sports medicine, the most considered performance parameter is the Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation (OBLA), fixed at 4 mmol/L (Courocè-Malblanc et Hodgson, 2014). Nevertheless, in human medicine several methods to define individual Lactate Threshold (LT) were developed (Faude et al., 2009). Horses with poor performance were reported to have post-exercise creatine-kinase (CK) activity higher than good performer (Fraipont et al., 2011). Aim of the study is to evaluate LTs calculated by different methods in horses with increased post-exercise CK activity. Data from a cohort of Standardbred racehorses that underwent poor performance evaluation, including incremental treadmill test with plasma lactate analysis at different speed steps, were retrospectively collected. A blood sample was collected 6hrs post-exercise and CK activity was evaluated with spectrophotometric method. A case group of 10 horses (3.1±1.0 y.o.) that did not present any other alteration potentially influencing performance than post-exercise CK activity greater than reference value (>735 U/L) was selected (Valli, 2017). An age-matched and sex-matched control group of 10 horses with no alteration potentially influencing performance and normal post-exercise CK activity was selected. Lactate concentrations obtained during treadmill test were analysed with a dedicated sotware (Newell et al., 2009) and LT was determined by the following methods: a)Inflection Point, i.e. the point of intersection between two linear splines, b)Lactate Threshold by logaritmic transformation, c)OBLA and d)Initial Rise of 1 mmol/L post baseline. Values of different LTs from the two groups were compared by means of unpaired t-test. Statistical analysis showed that OBLA was significantly lower (p=0.009) in case group when compared to controls. No differences between the two groups were observed for other LTs values. Results suggest that elevated post-exercise CK activity, consistent with muscular damage, has a negative impact on performance. Moreover, OBLA seems to be an appropriate parameter for performance profiling in racehorses.
Feed efficiency of Italian Holstein dairy heifers in the genomic era – preliminary results
Genetic selection of dairy cattle has classically been based on fertility and productivity (kilograms of milk, protein, fat). In recent years a growing interest in characters related to health and efficiency of the animals has taken hold. The selection of animals with a high feed efficiency can bring benefits in terms of health, productivity and environmental impact. A first batch of 16 Holstein heifers (mean age 12.63 ± 2.90 months) was selected and housed in a tie-stall of the Centro Zootecnico Didattico Sperimentale (CZDS) of Lodi for the whole length of the trial (35 days). Blood samples were collected and sent to the lab to perform genotyping of the animals. Heifers were fed a composed ration of sorghum silage and total mixed ration, delivered daily on individual feeders to ensure each animal continuous access to the feed. Animals had free access to the water. Feed intake was obtained weighing the supplied ration and the residual the day after. Individual body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS), hearth girth (HG) and height at the wither (W) were measured weekly. Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) and Residual Feed Intake (RFI) were calculated using Dry Matter Intake (DMI) data. Fecal samples were collected weekly to assess any relation between feed efficiency and acidic profile of the feces. Preliminary results show an average daily gain of 941 ± 206 grams, an increase of mean BW from 374.63 ± 17.06 (day 0) to 407.56 ± 17.06 kilograms (day 34), an increase of mean BCS from 3.97 ± 0.11 (day 0) to 4.19 ± 0.11 (day 34), an increase of mean HG from 169.25 ± 2.83 (day 0) to 177.41 ± 2.83 centimeters (day 34), an increase of mean W from 127.28 ± 1.23 (day 0) to 132.69 ± 1.23 centimeters (day 34).
Physiological response to chemical immobilization: a case study of etorphine-azaperone in free-ranging plains zebra (Equus quagga) in Kenya
Predictable immobilization of wild zebras is challenging and there is massive variation in opiate response within different species. Etorphine combined with azaperone is considered the protocol of choice, but no studies have investigated the physiological response to this procedure of immobilization in plains zebras. Eleven free-ranging plains zebras (Equus quagga) were immobilized in Kenya using a combination of etorphine 0.019 ± 0.003 mg/kg and azaperone 0.27 ± 0.05 mg/kg administered intramuscularly with a projectile dart. After recumbency, an arterial sample was performed for blood gas analysis and physiological parameters were recorded every five minutes. Descriptive scores were given to the exertion resulting from high-speed chasing and to the quality of induction, immobilization and recovery. Diprenorphine or naltrexone were used for opioid antagonism. In all zebras, the combination induced quick inductions within 3.5 ± 0.8 minutes and provided reliable recumbencies without attempts to stand for the entire duration of the immobilization. The average heart rates, respiratory rates and mean arterial blood pressure recorded were 102 ± 42 beats/minute, 18 ± 4 breaths/minute and 145 ± 28 mmHg respectively. Arterial gas analyses demonstrated mild to severe and partially compensated metabolic acidosis and hypoxia, while electrolytes were within equids range. In particular, higher exertion levels during the chasing were significantly correlated to worse immobilization scores (p=0.008) and hyperthermia occurrence (p=0.0012) and non-significantly to more severe acidosis. Recoveries from anaesthesia were smooth, on average 121 ± 38 seconds after diprenorphine/naltrexone administration. Etorphine-azaperone combination produced physiological alterations in free-ranging plains zebra such as tachycardia, hypertension, metabolic acidosis and hypoxemia. However, these preliminary results indicate that high-speed chase might be responsible for the physiological imbalance and that this drug combination does not suppress the compensatory response. Regardless of the metabolic status, recover from immobilization was uneventful and all zebras went back to normal behavior thereafter.
Helical Hydro-Computed Tomography in the diagnosis of pyloric stenosis in two foals
Pyloric stenosis is rarely reported in horses (Bart et al 1980; Bezdecova et al. 2009). Congenital and acquired conditions have been described (Church et al 1986; Heidmann et al 2004; Laing et al. 1992; McGill et al. 1984) clinical suspicion is based on clinical findings while definitive diagnosis is reached by exploratory laparotomy and gastroscopy. The use of other diagnostic techniques has never been described. Two foals were admitted for recurrent abdominal pain. Clinical and ultrasonographic (US) examinations were performed. Foals underwent Computed Tomography (CT) of the abdomen, both native and Helical Hydro-CT. US revealed mild stomach distension, mild small bowel wall thickening; small intestine obstruction was suspected in both foals. Case 1, two-month old Thoroughbred filly 130 kg of weight: CT showed segmental concentric pylorus stenosis, at the pyloric duodenal junction level. Mild liquid distension of the pyloric antrum and mixed gas and fluid distension of the cranial duodenum. During necroscopy the pyloric antrum showed stenosis due to an inelastic constricting ring reducing the lumen of the pyloric canal. The glandular part presented mild acute catarrhal gastritis. Case 2, three-month old Italian Saddle colt 142 kg of weigh: CT showed small amount of intraluminal hyperattenuanting material within the gastric fundus and duodenum. Hydro-CT highlighted the presence of mild pylorus narrowing, mild distension and moderate mucosal irregularities of the pyloric antrum. An acquired pyloric stenosis secondary to chronic gastritis of unknown origin was suspected. Explorative laparotomy was performed; the antrum was mildly distended and the pylorus appeared narrowed and hard on palpation; gastrojejunostomy was performed. Ante-mortem diagnosis of pyloric stenosis in horses is challenging because aspecific clinical signs. Native CT allowed to investigate both the stomach and the small intestine and, in one case, outlined the presence of pylorus stenosis. In case 2, only Helical Hydro-CT allowed better evaluation of the pyloric thickness. CT and Helical Hydro-CT can be considered a useful diagnostic tool in foal with clinical suspicion of pyloric stenosis.
Preliminary evaluation of an ELISA kit for the detection of Aldosterone concentration in dog’s urine
Aldosterone is a corticosteroid hormone that plays a pivotal role in homeostatic regulation of water and salt reabsorption, blood volume and pressure. Aldosterone levels tent to rise in humans in hypertension, chronic and acute congestive heart failure (CHF); detrimental effects are opposed by drugs like ACE inhibitors and anti-mineralocorticoid. Aldosterone has a pulsatile secretion, so measurement in serum is less indicative than in urine, where concentration can be indexed to creatinine ratio for estimation of the 24-h aldosterone excretion. Few studies have evaluated aldosterone in canine urine patients, and none by ELISA. Aim of the study was to evaluate a commercial ELISA kit for measuring aldosterone in dog’s urine. Urine was collectedby free catchfrom four dogs. Two were healthy, one was affected by CHF and prescribed anti-mineralocorticoiddaily, one was affected by chronic kidney disease (CKD). Urine was centrifuged (1250g/5 min) and supernatant frozen (-20°C). Aldosterone was measured by a competitive ELISA previously validated for dogs. Twenty-four hours acid hydrolysis was performed on urinary samples before assay. The ELISA standard curve in a semi-log plot was linear between 2.5 and 3.9 ng/mL. Spike-and-recovery, linearity-of-dilution and parallelism experiments showed accuracy inmeasuring aldosterone in dog urine samples. The intra-assay coefficient of variation showed good reproducibility of the assay. Urinary samples are easy to collect, and the ELISA used in this preliminary study seems promising in determining aldosterone in dog urine. Its levels can be of great diagnostic and prognostic value for dogs affected by acute and chronic CHF, in order to assess the best therapeutic strategy. This preliminary analysis will be followed by further studies in patients affected by acute and chronic CHF.
Locoregional anaesthesia for perioperative pain management in rabbits undergoing Total Ear Canal Ablation and Lateral Bulla Osteotomy (TECALBO): case series.
TECALBO is an effective yet invasive surgical technique to treat end-stage internal and external otitis in rabbits. The aim of this study is to describe a new locoregional analgesic approach, as until now only systemic analgesia was described for this surgery in rabbits. The first patient, a 7-year-old lop-eared neutered male weighing 2.1 kg, undergoing right TECALBO due to end-stage otitis with bulla empyema, received subcutaneous dexmedetomidine (60 µg/kg) and ketamine (10 mg/kg). Propofol 0.5% (1 mg/kg) was administered for induction while titrate-to-effect isoflurane was administered for maintenance. After palpating the zygomatic arch, the mandibular nerve was blocked at the level of the temporomandibular joint. The auriculopalpebral nerve was blocked in the centre of a triangle identified between the base of the pinna and the occipital crest. Ropivacaine 0.5% (1.5 mg/kg per block) was injected after neurolocation of the nerves. Neither intraoperative (mean heart and respiratory rate 175 ± 22 and 25 ± 5 respectively) nor postoperative nociception were shown as no rescue analgesia was needed. Full recovery and food intake occurred within 1 hour after awakening. The second patient, a 9-year-old Dutch-belted intact female of 1.5 kg undergoing right TECALBO for end-stage otitis, received dexmedetomidine (40 µg/kg), ketamine (7 mg/kg) and midazolam (0.3 mg/kg) subcutaneously. Propofol 0.5% (2 mg/kg) was administered for induction. Titrate-to-effect isoflurane was administered for maintenance. Mandibular and auriculopalpebral nerve blocks were performed as described. No intraoperative (mean heart and respiratory rate 195 ± 15 and 31 ± 7 respectively) nor postoperative nociception were recorded, despite delayed awakening and full recovery were shown (food intake occurred 2.5 hours after awakening) and were probably related to midazolam administration. In both cases, the combination of mandibular and auriculopalpebral blocks appeared to provide effective perioperative analgesia for TECALBO surgery in rabbits.
Investigating on Besnoitia besnoiti (Apicomplexa, Sarcocystidae) in naturally infected dairy cattle by an integrated approach.
Bovine besnoitiosis, caused by Besnoitia besnoiti, is a (re)emerging disease in Europe (Cortes et al., 2014), including Italy (Gazzonis et al., 2014; 2017). However, its economic impact is scarcely considered and generally underestimated and there are still little studied aspects concerning both the parasite and the disease. Following a natural outbreak of besnoitiosis in a dairy herd, a study was planned to characterize B. besnoiti infection in cattle through a multidisciplinary approach. Suspicious abortions and clinical cases of besnoitiosis were reported in a dairy farm (September 2017, Northern Italy) housing 216 Holstein cattle. Blood samples were collected; haematological and serological analyses (ELISA and confirmatory WB) were performed (Fernandez-Garcia et al., 2009). Histology and molecular (endpoint ITS-1 PCR (Cortes et al., 2007) and sequencing) analyses of tissues from a slaughtered cow with chronic besnoitiosis were carried out. Out of 59 ELISA-positive animals, 50 (23%) were confirmed by WB. B. besnoiti prevalence was higher in cows (41%) than in calves (12%); any heifer did not result positive. Considering haematological parameters, a significant shift in the differential leucocyte formula from lymphocyte to granulocyte was recorded in infected cows (Mean±S.D.:L=46.1±18.4,G=53.9±18.4) if compared to negative animals (Student’s T-test,p=0.012). This finding could be helpful in diagnosis, treatment and control of besnoitiosis. Histology revealed a high load of B. besnoiti tissue cysts in skin, vulva, muzzle, sclera, eyelid, respiratory tract, emphasizing the possibility of parasite transmission through direct contact among animals. B. besnoiti was confirmed by PCR in other organs (heart, liver, aorta wall, tonsil) and especially in ovary, uterus and vulva, suggesting that the infection could affect cows’ fertility. Parasite DNA was also found in masseters posing an important question for food security, even if B. besnoiti is not considered zoonotic. The study suggests that to investigate the dynamics of bovine besnoitiosis is mandatory associate clinical and laboratory tests, including the genetic characterization of the parasite and its eventual correlation with the disease outcome.
Chemical homogeneity and particle size distribution of dairy cow TMR along the feeding alley with different mixing times
Following the concepts of precision feeding, the right components balance (Sova et al., 2014) and the correct particle size distribution (PSD, Khan et al., 2014) of total mixed ration (TMR) are essential for a complete homogeneity of the diet and are strongly influenced by adopted mixing time (MT, Humer et al., 2018, Schingoethe et al.,2017). The aim of the trial was to determine the influence of two MTs (MT1≤7min and MT2>7min) on the chemical homogeneity and PSD along the feeding alley. Diets were performed with a horizontal cutter-mixer wagon (Gulliver 4016, Sgariboldi), and TMR samples were collected from the beginning, middle and end of the feeding alley after discharge. Triplicate samples of the diet were collected for chemical composition analyses (moisture, CP, Ash, EE, NDF and ADF) and PSD evaluation (Heinrichs and Kononoff, 2002) over two months (two sampling/week). Statistical analysis was performed by a PROC MIXED for repeated measurements of SAS. MT1 evidenced a non-uniform distribution of moisture content along the feeding alley (P=0.05): lower moisture was found at the end than at the beginning and in the middle (47.55 vs 51.13 and 51.00%, respectively; P<0.01). No significant effects of MTs were recorded for other chemical parameters. The PSD showed trend to a higher retained amount of fibre in MT1 upper sieve (14.79 vs. 10.14%; P=0.06), while lower amount of feed was found in middle and bottom sieve than MT2 (38.9 and 12.81 vs 42.17 and 14.32%, respectively; P=0.08 and P=0.06). With respect to TMR distribution along the feeding alley, no differences were found between MT1 and MT2. Day of sampling evidenced significant variation both in chemical and physical composition (P<0.05). Obtained preliminary data evidenced the influence of MTs on composition and on PSD of the provided diet; results suggest to daily measure moisture of raw material in order to avoid negative changes in dry matter intake.
Clinical effects of dexmedetomidine combined with methadone after intranasal and intramuscular administration in dogs
The intranasal (IN) route shows promise for chemical restraint given the large area offered for drugs absorption. The nasal turbinates increase nasal mucosa surface, which have a greater blood flow than muscle, brain and liver tissue . Aim of the study is to compare the clinical effects and sedation scores following either IN or intramuscular (IM) administration of dexmedetomidine-methadone in dogs. Twenty mixed-breed, client-owned, healthy dogs, undergoing soft tissue surgery or diagnostic procedures, were randomly allocated in two groups (n = 10) to receive dexmedetomidine (0.01 mg kg-1) together with methadone (0.4 mg kg-1) IN (IN-group) or IM (IM-group). Temperament was evaluated before premedication (1 = calm and friendly, 4 = very excitable or nervous) (Maddern et al. 2010). Heart rate (HR), respiratory frequency (fR), body temperature, and side effects were recorded before (T0) and 10 (T10), 20 (T20) and 30 (T30) minutes after premedication. Sedation was scored 3 times (every 10 minutes) after drugs administration using a descriptive sedation scale (0 = no sedation, 13 = extremely sedated). Induction was performed at T30 with titrate-to-effect propofol and the dosage was recorded. Student T-test was performed. Weight, age, temperament, body temperature and propofol dose were not different between groups. At each time point, excluding T0, IM-group showed a statistically lower HR and fRcompared to IN-group. No undesirable effects were observed in both groups. Sedation score in IM-group was significantlyhigher compared to IN-group at each time point. In conclusion, despite statistical differences, IN administration produces a satisfactory clinical sedation with more gradual hemodynamic effects compared to IM injection; this is probably due to a direct transport of drugs from cranial nerves (I-V) to brain with limited systemic absorption. However, the high variability recorded in sedation score between subjects in IN-group (min 1/13; max 13/13 at T30) probably arises from a variable drugs conveyance from nasal mucosae to target cell in CNS by IN administration.
The saponification of lauric acid with calcium soaps as an alternative to in-feed antibiotics in post-weaning piglets
In the search for the reduction of antibiotics in farm animals, a concept was developed based on studies with medium-chain fatty acid with 6-12 atoms (MCFA). In particular, they have been shown to exhibit against Gram+ bacteria in piglets at relatively high concentrations. However they can be hardly used as such because of their repellent odour and taste and for their rapid absorption in upper gastrointestinal tract. These problems could be overcome by the generation of monoacylglycerol, but esterification is usually carried out on a silica base, which reduces the concentration of FA, therefore limiting the antibacterial effects. Our hypothesis is that the saponification with calcium salts might positively affect their concentration in the GIT. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of Laurate calcium soap (C12-Ca soap) on growth performance and health of post-weaning piglets. At weaning, 192 crossbreed Topics piglets were assigned to 3 experimental groups consisting of 16 pens (4 pigs/pen each): CTR (negative control), T1 (basal diet plus Amoxycillin at 400 mg/kg), and T2 (basal diet plus C12-Ca soap at 1 kg/ton). Gain and feed consumption did not differ among groups. Feed efficiency was higher in T1 (0,61) and T2 (0,58) than CTR (0,51) (P<0,01). Mortality was 0 in T1, and reduced in T2 (4,7%) compared to CTR (10,9%). These preliminary results suggest that saponification of MCFA may be a valuable alternative to in-feed antibiotics, used for growth promotion, and even for enhancing health in post-weaning piglets.
Sheep brain atlas creation. Diffusion tensor imaging and Scanning electron microscope in sheep brain analysis
Introductions Aim of EDEN 2020 project is the development of a steerable catheter for CED system in glioblastoma therapy. The VET group is involved in realization and validation of the proper animal model. For surgical planning purpose a Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) of white matter tracts in the sheep is necessary to identify the target points useful for the catheter introduction. The analysis of the sheep brain under a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) is required to understand any alterations due to the catheter introduction and to fluids injection during CED administration. Materials and methods Animals were treated in accordance with the European Communities Council directive (86/609/EEC), to the laws and regulations on animal welfare enclosed in D.L.G.S. 26/2014 A total of five 70 kg female, one year old, sheep were used for the study. All animals, under general anesthesia, underwent to Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) acquisition. MRI scanner used was Philips Ingenia 1.5 Tesla system. Once the DTI imaging were acquired the animals were euthanased, sheep brain was collected and samples of white matter tracts obtained with disposable biopsy punches of 1.5-2 mm of diameter. The samples were fixed, stained in Osmium tetroxide (OsO4) and then embedded with two different protocols (cold curing vs thermal curing) in resin for the Focused Ion Beam (FIB) SEM analyses. Results and discussion All the DTI images were uploaded to TrackVis software and major white matter fiber tracts analysed. Corticospinal tract, visual radiation, fornix and fronto-occipital fasciculus were identified. Corticospinal tract was identified as major white matter tract in sheep brain and useful as target area for the research aims. For the SEM analysis the thermal protocol was recognised as better curing methods for the research purpose than cold curing one. Conclusion The data acquired in this study are still submitted to analysis. Acknowledgment The project has received funding from the European Union’s EU Research and Innovation programme Horizon 2020 (no 688279).
Plant-based strategies to control the zinc output from swine production
Animal production systems produce large quantities of manure, which is recognized as a significant source of heavy metals (HMs) (Hejna et al., 2018). Some HMs are essential nutrients and zinc oxide (ZnO) was often used at high doses to control the enteric disorders mainly in the swine post weaning phase (Rossi et al., 2013, 2014). The general increase of HMs content was registered in the livestock output with a negative impact on the environment. Preliminary data showed that swine manure was an important source of Zn, Cu, Mn and Se to the environment reflecting the HMs content in feeds (Hejna et al., 2017a). The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of Typha latifolia (TL) and Thelypteris palustris (TP) to bioaccumulate trace elements, from water as a cost-effective plant-based approach of wastewater remediation in pig livestock. The experimental design included four mesocosms (width: 4.0 m, length: 2.0 m, depth: 0.7 m; 695L of water, 210kg of soil): two controls, planted with TP (TPC) and TL (TLC) respectively and two treated, planted with TP (TPT) and TL (TLT) respectively. The treatment was represented by a mineral feed additive premix dissolved in TPT and TLT with the following final HMs concentration: Zn: 44.02mg/L; Cu: 8.63mg/L; Mn: 10.83mg/L; Se: 0.09mg/L. Such high concentrations, corresponding to polluted wastewater, would be sufficient to reach the potential saturation limit of the substrates in the short experimental period. At day 0 (T0), day 15 (T1) and day 45 (T2) samples of roots, leaves, stems, soil and water were collected, dried and principal chemical component were estimated according to the official method of Analysis of Association of Analytical Communities (AOAC). Samples were also mineralized by an ultravawe single reaction chamber and analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Obtained results showed that TL and TP tolerated high levels of Zn, Cu, Mn and Se with no visual toxicity signs or significant effects on growth during the entire experimental period. TP appeared more effective than TL at translocating elements from water to plant tissues. In particular, TPT showed a significant increase of Zn and Cu content in whole plants from T0 to T2 (p≤0.001). At T2 the mean zinc concentration was 409.26±342.33 mg/kg d.m. and 271.64±64.85 mg/kg d.m. in TPT and TLT plants respectively. In the plants of control mesocosms, differences between T0 and T2 were not observed. Results suggested that both plant species were able to reduce the available amount of metals from the contaminated wastewater, thus TL and TP plants may be candidates for the phytoremediation approach to control HMs output from the livestock wastewater. Acknowledgements: supported by MIPAAF 2015.
Immunophenotypical and cytomorphological examination of feline peripheral blood in patients with suspect leukemia
To date, knowledge about leukemias in feline patients is poor. Classification of leukemias is mostly based on morphological, immunological and genetic aspects in dogs and humans [Harvey, 2012]. However, in cat poor literature about classification of leukemias via flow cytometric (FC) immunophenotyping is available and just a few publications of case reports are present . We retrospectively selected 44 cases of leukemias from our FC service database from 2009 to 2017 with the aim to describe the major immunological features and define the prevalence of different subtypes. Blood and/or bone marrow submitted for FC analysis with a prevalent hematological presentation were selected. Cases with an evident lymph node enlargement or with clinical aspects suggesting a solid lesion (lymphoma) were excluded. Cases were classified depending on antigen expression and hematologic features in five groups: chronic lymphocytic leukemias (CLL), acute lymphoblastic leukemias (ALL), acute myelogenous leukemias (AML), acute undifferentiated leukemias (AUL) and undetermined ALL vs lymphoma stage V. 26 cases (59%) were classified as acute leukemias whereas 11 cases (25%) were classified as chronic leukemias; 7 cases (16%) were classified as undetermined. Among acute leukemias 10 (38.5%) were AML, 10 (38.5%) AUL and 6 (23%) ALL. All ALL were of T cell origin (CD3+ or CD5+). Among chronic leukemias, 10 (91%) were of T cell origin and among these, 80% expressed CD4 (T-helper lymphocytes), while 20% were double negative (CD4- CD8-). These results confirmed that T cell leukemias are more frequent than B ones in the cat with a prevalent T-helper phenotypes as previously described. AMLs were highly represented, but the lack of an adequate panel of specific antibodies for myeloid lineage rendered a high number of AUL in our caseload. Similarly, the lack of an anti-feline CD34 antibody did not permit differential diagnosis of acute leukemia vs lymphoma with blood involvement in a remarkable percentage of cases without an evident nodal enlargement and without an extreme leukocytosis.
Biofilm-forming ability and virulence factors of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius from canine pyoderma
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (SP) has been associated with high antibiotic-resistance rates (e.g. methicillin) in European countries [1,3]. This condition could be also related to the ability to produce biofilm [2]. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of methicillin-resistant SP strains and determine their ability to produce biofilm and some crucial virulence factors. Forty-two SP strains, previously determined as multi drug resistant (MDR) by the disk diffusion method using a panel of 17 antimicrobial agents, were selected from our collection and tested phenotypically for the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of methicillin and genotypically for the presence of mecA and blaZ genes. The ability to produce biofilm was assessed phenotypically by two different assays: the Congo Red Agar plates (CRA) and the Microtitre Plate test (MtP) and genetically by the amplification of icaA and icaD genes. Three virulence factors genes coding for bicomponent leukocidin and enterotoxins (luk-I, seC, se-int) were searched. Twenty-three strains revealed a value of MIC for the methicillin greater than 128 µg/mL. The 83% were mecA-positive and 86% resulted blaZ-positive; all the strains positive for mecA were also positive for blaZ. All SP strains resulted biofilm-producers by MtP assay and classified as weakly producers (4.7%), moderate producers (47.6 %) and strongly producers (47.6 %). In contrast, only 35.7% of all strains were considered biofilm-producers by CRA method. The amplification of icaA and icaD gene occurred respectively in 66.6% and 97.6%; only one strain was negative for both genes. Almost all strains were positive for luk-I (95%), seC (74%) and se-int (84%). Our data reveal the pathogenicity potential of SP strains from dogs, suggesting that they could be considered zoonotic potential agents and confirming other previous studies [3-5]. Moreover could be observed a clear linkage between antibiotic-resistance and ability to produce biofilm.
Stifle anatomic, tomographic and biomechanical features of growing dogs affected by quadriceps contracture.
Quadriceps contracture is a debilitating and uncommon condition, mostly affecting young dogs. Itcan be congenital or acquired ) and is reported to induce muscular hypotrophy/fibrosis, progressive degenerative joint disease, bone hypoplasia and limb hyperextension. The aim of this study was to elucidate anatomic, tomographic and biomechanical features of stifles affected by quadriceps contracture. Seven 2-month-old dead Dobermann Pinschers with unilateral quadriceps contracture were included. Before gross anatomic evaluation, all stifles underwent Computed Tomography before and after intra-articular administration of iodinated contrast medium. Images were acquired in double positioning (stifle extension and flexion) to identify articular cartilage, Ossification Centres’ (OCs) and menisci abnormalities, which were compared between affected and unaffected limbs. In all affected limbs the stifle was back-turned, the distal femur was extra-rotated and the patella was luxated proximo-medially. Severe lack of physiological stifle movements (rolling, gliding, spinning) was observed, so that affected joints could not be flexed. The articular cartilage of the femur was flattened and irregular in thickness, the femoral trochlea was hypoplasic and sloping, the menisci were misshaped. The OC of the distal femur and proximal tibia were misshaped; the tibial plateau was oriented caudodorsally-cranioventrally and significantly smaller (P<0,05). Quadriceps contracture influenced stifle development. The action of quadriceps insertion on the tibia prevented normal development of the plateau, causing wedging and abnormal orientation. Constant compression also induced external rotation of the distal femur (unable to develop distally) and patellar luxation, ending up in genu recurvatum. Static compression was likely responsible for femoral trochlea hypoplasia, articular cartilage and meniscal deformation, due to the lack of physiological stifle movements. Quadriceps contracture induces severe alterations of stifle development in affected puppies. Histology, histochemistry and immunohistochemistry may better define the nature of such bone, cartilage and meniscal alterations.
Non-invasive intestinal biomarkers: a new ELISA test for Pancreatitis Associated Protein detection in pig
Feed additives are commonly used to improve pig performance and health, but they need to be tested so new biomarkers for intestinal health, non- or minimally invasive, are under investigations. The quantification of Myeloperoxidase (MPO) and Pancreatitis Associated Protein (PAP) in feces could prove useful to non-invasively monitor intestinal health (Niewold, 2015). MPO is an enzyme that permits to quantify the number of inflammatory cells present in tissues and feces (Prokopowicz et al., 2012) , while PAP is a protein mainly produced in the small intestine with anti-inflammatory and bactericidal activity (Cash et al., 2006; Mukherjee et al., 2014). Because of the lack of a commercial ELISA kit for porcine PAP detection, the main aim of this study was to develop and validate a new sandwich ELISA test for the quantification of PAP in pig fecal samples. Our study consisted of two phases: test development and test validation. During the development phase we used polyclonal antibodies previously immunized from rabbit serum with a pure peptide containing the N-terminus of pig PAP (Soler et al., 2015). The validation of the test was then performed with fecal extraction samples derived from animals with known high or low growth performance. Moreover, the temperature stability of PAP in feces and the optimal extraction method was tested. Even if only preliminary, our results seem to show a fair relationship between fecal consistency, used as health indicator, and PAP fecal concentrations. Furthermore, no relevant differences in PAP concentration after 24h of incubation at 37 °C, 4°C or room temperature were detected. To date, the present results suggest that PAP seems to be exceptionally stable in feces and is a very promising candidate as a non-invasive (fecal) biomarker for intestinal health and growth.
Genomic Diversity Using Copy Number Variations in Worldwide Chicken Populations
Recently, many studies in livestock have focused on the identification of Copy Number Variants (CNVs) using high-density Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) arrays, but few have focused on studying chicken ecotypes coming from many locations. CNVs are polymorphisms, which may influence phenotype and are an important source of genetic variation in populations. The aim of this study was to explore the genetic difference and structure, using a high density SNP chip in 936 individuals from seven different countries (Brazil, Italy, Egypt, Mexico, Rwanda, Sri Lanka and Uganda). The DNA was genotyped with the Affymetrix Axiom®600k Chicken Genotyping Array and processed with stringent quality controls to obtain 559,201 SNPs in 915 individuals. The Log R Ratio (LRR) and the B Allele Frequency of SNPs were used to perform the CNV calling with PennCNV software based on a Hidden Markov Model analysis and the LRR was used to perform CNV detection with SVS Golden Helix software.After filtering, a total of 19,027 CNVs were detected with the SVS software, while 9,065 CNVs were identified with the Penn CNV software. The CNVs were summarized in 7,001 Copy Number Variant Regions (CNVRs) and 4,414 CNVRs, using the software BedTool.The consensus analysis across the CNVRs allowed the identification of 2,820 consensus CNVR, of which 1,721 were gain, 637 loss and 462 complex, for a total length of 53 Mb corresponding to the 5 % of the GalGal5 chicken autosomes. Only the consensus CNV regions obtained from both detections were considered for further analysis.The intersection analysis performed between the chicken gene database (Gallus_gallus-5.0) and the 1,927 consensus CNVRs allowed the identification (within or partial overlap) of a total of 2,354 unique genes with an official gene ID. The CNVRs identified here represent the first comprehensive mapping in several worldwide populations, using a high-density SNP chip.
Preliminary data about Paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) as a maker for Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal disease in which the definitive diagnosis is achieved by immunohistochemistry (IHC) on post-mortem biopsies. The clinical suspicion is aroused by signalment, clinical signs and several laboratory tests, including alpha-1-acid glycoprotein measurement for which the only validated kit is no longer available. Paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) is a serum enzyme with antioxidant activity, considered as a negative acute phase protein in several species. Since inflammation plays a major role in FIP, and due to the high susceptibility of cats to oxidation, it could be of great interest the evaluation of this enzyme as a diagnostic marker for FIP. The aim of this study was to measure paraoxonase-1 in healthy cats and cats with clinical signs consistent with FIP (both wet or dry form), in order to evaluate the utility of this parameter in the diagnosis of FIP. Sixty-two cats were enrolled and divided into three groups: healthy (n=16), confirmed FIP (n=22) and NON FIP with similar clinical signs (n=24). PON-1 was measured on serum, using a paraoxon-based enzymatic method, already validated in cats. Results showed significantly lower PON-1 activity in FIP cats (mean ± SD: 29.1 ± 16.3 U/mL; median: 24.4; IQR: 16.6-38.3), compared with healthy cats (90.1 ± 24.1 U/mL; median: 86.0; IQR: 76.7-105.7; P<0.001) and with “non-FIP” cats (55.9 ± 28.3 U/mL; median: 51.9; IQR: 35.7-68.8, P<0.001). A significant difference was also found between healthy and “non-FIP” cats (P<0.001). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve demonstrated that PON-1 may discriminate cats with and without FIP (Fig.1). At the cut-off that maximizes the diagnostic power of the test, sensitivity and specificity for FIP were 77% each, suggesting that PON-1 may be a reliable marker in association with other confirmatory tests and with signs consistent with the disease.
Mycobacteria in cats are responsible for cutaneous or visceral disease, often with systemic involvement (Gunn-Moore et al., 2011). Infection can be sustained by tuberculous (e.g. M.bovis) and non-tuberculous mycobacteria (e.g. M.avium and M.lepraemurium) (Lee et al., 2017). The aim of this study is to evaluate the distribution of the lesions in feline visceral mycobacteriosis. Twenty-nine necropsy cases of feline visceral mycobacteriosis, conferred from 1965 to 2017, were studied. On histopathology hematoxylin-eosin and acid-fast stains were performed. Mycobacteria strains were identified by microbiological and molecular methods. Twenty-three out of 29 cases were submitted for necropsy in autumn and winter. When breed was known: nine cats were Persian, 8 Siamese and 10 crossbreed. In 17 out of 24 cases where age was known, it was lesser than 5 years. Two cases had lesions confined to the digestive system, 3 to the respiratory system, while 24 cases were systemic forms. Thirteen cases out of 29 were identified: 2 as Mycobacterium spp, 7 as M.bovis and 4 as M.avium. Siamese, Persian breeds and young cats were overrepresented as already described (Gunn-Moore, 2014). The occurrence of mycobacterioses in our cases was higher during cold seasons, contrary to the man in which tuberculosis is a long term localized disease, more often diagnosed in summer even if acquired in winter; in cat the disease tends to generalize making shorter the course of the disease (Fares, 2011). This is confirmed by lesions’ distribution that indicates a greater occurrence of systemic compared to localized forms. Features of gastrointestinal lesions indicate the alimentary as the primary route of infection (Fig.1). Since the most recent cases were sustained exclusively by M.avium, while older cases were caused by M.bovis, a switching in the most diffused species or a different source of infection might occurred in the last years (Pesciaroli et al., 2014).
Blood baseline values in female alpine and nera di verzasca goats reared in italy.
The Italian goat autochthonous breeds are appreciated for their milk and characteristics, especially for the rusticity, frugality, fertility and longevity. For these reasons the local goat breeds play an important role in the livestock sector, and it is important to guarantee sanitary strategies control, prevention or treatment of diseases. It is well known that the hematological parameters in goats undergo changes in relation with many factors like breed, age (Piccione et al. 2014), physiological/reproductive status environmental factors and stress (Waziri M.A. et al. 2010). Based on these differences it is necessary to establish appropriate physiological baseline values for every single breed which could be used in the realistic evaluation physiological or pathological status of the animal (Arfuso et al. 2016). The aim of this work was to evaluate the differences between a local goat breed (Verzasca) and a cosmopolite one (Alpine) from the hematological point of view, and to establish hematological reference values. A total number of 71 female goats, of Alpine (n=37), and Verzasca (n=34) were enrolled for this study, for a total of 716 blood samples. Data were processed by a mixed model-repeated measures ANCOVA in order to evaluate the effects of breed, parity, and season, while baseline values for each breed have been calculated by evaluating the 2.5-97.5th percentile of variables distribution. The results showed that the breeds differ in a significant manner (Table 1). Verzasca goat shows significantly higher values in the erythroid parameters, whereas the Alpine goat shows higher mean values of leucocyte count and absolute neutrophil count. A further interesting result is the neutrophil lymphocyte ratio which is 0.96 in the Alpine and 0,57 in the Verzasca. The results here presented can add some knowledge to the definition of the health status of the two breeds, evidencing some environmental and physiological variation mechanisms.
Dietary integration with natural extract in rabbit: effects on growth performances and meat quality.
In many countries of Europe rabbit meat is consumed for its nutritional characteristics, (Dalle Zotte, 2014; Hernández and Gondret, 2006). Since the ban of the use of antibiotic as growth promoter, natural substances have been studied as alternative with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobic and antiviral properties. The aim was to evaluate the effect of a dietary supplementation with natural extract mixture in growing rabbit on growth performances, carcass characteristics and Longissimus lumborum (LL) muscle parameters. The trial was performed at the Research Institute for Animal Production (Nitra, Slovak Republic) and lasted 42 days. At 35 days of age, 144 New Zealand White rabbits were randomly selected and divided in 3 experimental groups (4 rabbits/cage). The first fed a basal diet, the second (T1) and the third one (T2) received 0.3% and 0.6% of natural extract mixture, containing polyphenols from plants and seaweeds. Dietary integration with natural extract improve (P<0.05) growth performances (ADG, FI and FC) in T1 group. The fatty acid composition of LL muscle was positively affected (P=0.037) by natural extract supplementation with an increase of n-3 FA in T2 group than other treatments. Cholesterol content tended to be lower in T2 group (P=0.082) than T1 and C group (24.8 mg/100g T2 vs 34.6 mg/100g T1 vs 33.2 mg/100g C). Sensory analysis revealed that only the aroma was affected (P<0.05) by dietary treatments. Overall these results highlight that dietary supplementation with natural extract mixture, containing polyphenols from plants and seaweeds enhance growth performances, carcass weight, improving LL muscle nutritional parameters.